ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS—PYLOROGASTRIC INTUSSUSCEPTION IN A DOG

A 7-year-old female Maltese presented for evaluation of severe vomiting. A diagnosis of pylorogastric intussusception was made during ultrasonographic examination. The intussusception spontaneously underwent reduction by the following morning.     

A Greenhouse Test for Screening Sugar Beet (Beta Vulgaris) for Resistance to Rhizoctonia Solani

Rhizoctonia solani Kühn is a serious plant pathogenic fungus, causing various types of damage to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). In Europe, the disease is spreading and becoming a threat for the growing of this crop. Plant resistance seems to be the most practical and economical way to control the disease. Experiments were carried out to optimise a greenhouse procedure to screen plants of sugar beet for resistance to R. solani. In the first experiment, two susceptible accessions were evaluated for root and leaf symptoms, after being grown in seven different soil mixtures and inoculated with R. solani. The fungus infected all plants. It was concluded that leaf symptoms were not reliable for the rating of disease severity. Statistically significant differences between the soil mixtures were observed, and there were no significant differences between the two accessions. The two soil mixtures, showing the most severe disease symptoms, were selected for a second experiment, including both resistant and susceptible accessions. As in the first experiment, root symptoms were recorded using a 1–7 scale, and a significant expression of resistance was observed. The average severity of the disease in the greenhouse experiment generally was comparable with the infection in field experiments, and the ranking of the accessions was the same in the two types of experiments. It was concluded that evaluation procedures in the greenhouse could be used as a rapid assay to screen sugar beet plants for resistance to R. solani.     

Porphyric insecticides. IV: Structure-activity study of substituted phenanthrolines

The porphyric-insecticide-modulating activities of 1,10-phenanthroline and eight of its analogs were investigated. The insecticidal efficacy of these compounds was closely associated with their ability to enhance the conversion of exogenous δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to protoporphyrin IX (Proto). As observed for photodynamic herbicidal effects in plants, the presence of nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 10 of the macrocycle was essential for porphyric insecticidal activity. This was evidenced by the very limited activity of phenanthrene, in which positions 1 and 10 are occupied by carbon instead of nitrogen atoms. On the other hand, enhancement of Proto formation and porphyric insecticidal activity were maintained following methyl, chloro and nitro group substitution at the periphery of 1,10-phenanthroline. In contrast, Proto levels and photodynamic toxicity were reduced by hydroxy and phenyl substitution at the same positions. Benzyl substitution at the 2–3 and 8–9 positions was also inhibitory. Quantitative structure-activity calculations suggested a relationship between peripheral group substitution and physicochemical properties of the substituted compounds. Electron density changes in 1,10-phenanthroline and its analogs that appeared to be related to reduced efficacy included (a) appearance of positive charge-binding volumes at positions 4 and 7 of the 1,10-phenanthroline macrocycle, which flanks positive charge-repelling volumes, (b) a dramatic increase in superdelocalisability (i.e. electron density) over some unoccupied molecular orbitals, and (c) electronic charge at positions 1 and 10 of the macrocycle. Large increases in van der Waals volumes also exerted negative effects on insecticidal efficacy.     

砻糠载体不均匀施药技术的研究

选择多种物料作为防护剂载体,以马拉硫磷10ppm处理玉米象,以砻糠效果最好,其次按顺序为小麦、聚乙烯树酯、毛竹、天竺竹、松木、梓木、聚氯乙烯树酯。砻糠载体法比常规的喷雾法或药谷法对玉米象和谷蠹效果好。在粮食中残留始终很低。同时发现粮层厚度30厘米以内间隔施药药效好。生产性试验表明随粮食边入库边撒药糠的不均匀施药法是可行的,革除了旧法施药后彻底搅拌粮食的笨重体力劳动,提高了施药和食用安全程度。     

Enzyme studies with the livers of chicks fed semi‐synthetic diets containing crystalline amino acids and diammonium citrate

The levels of glutamate dehydrogenase [NAD(P)], (GDH), aspartate trans‐aminase (AspT) and alanine transaminase (AlT) were measured in livers from chicks fed on a semi‐synthetic diet containing crystalline essential amino acids as the sole nitrogen source (diet A). The effects of a supplement of 12.0% glutamic acid (diet H) or 11.07% diammonium citrate (DAC) (diet B) or 12.0% glutamic acid plus 1.0% proline with an additional 0.6% glycine (diet C) on these enzymes were studied and the results compared with the levels found for control chicks given a typical diet based on cereal protein (diet J). The abilities of livers from chicks given diets A, B and C to synthesise [14C] glutamic acid from [14C]2‐oxoglutaric acid and diammonium citrate (DAC) were assessed.

The levels of GDH, AspT and AlT found in the livers of chicks given the control diet were 54.1, 966 and 123.7 units/mg protein respectively. Non‐essential nitrogen added as glutamic acid or as DAC did not cause induction of the enzymes studied above control levels. Glutamic acid (diets H and B) caused a depression of GDH levels (37.4 and 38.9 units/mg protein respectively) but had no effect on AspT and AlT compared with the controls, whereas DAC caused a decrease in AlT (43.9 units/mg protein) but had no effect on AspT and GDH; diet A depressed AlT and AspT levels (64.4 and 735 units/mg protein respectively).

The livers of chicks given diets A, C and B varied in their ability to synthesise glutamic acid, 39.3%, 31.9% and 24.0% respectively of the radioactivity being recovered as glutamic acid.     

A quantitative analysis of the literature concerning the restricted feeding of growing pullets

The sexual maturity of growing pullets can be retarded either by restricting calorie intake or by feeding a diet deficient in one or more essential amino acids, Several methods have been proposed for achieving either of these objectives. In this review the methods have been classified as (a) limiting the birds’ time of access to food, (b) quantitative food restriction, (c) the use of low energy diets and (d) dietary protein restriction.

Food restriction by limiting the time of access to food has given inconsistent results and is an unsatisfactory technique. Birds quickly learn to eat normal quantities of food in a very short space of time.

Quantitative food restriction has been widely used in experiments and is usually applied from about 6 to about 20 weeks of age. The available evidence enables relationships to be established between the degree of food restriction and subsequent body weight and sexual maturity. The effect of rearing treatment on mortality and rate of lay is also examined.

The ad libitum feeding of a low‐energy growing diet has always resulted in greater rearing food costs. This is because moderate reductions in energy content of the diet are offset by higher food intake. Diets sufficiently low in energy to cause a reduction in calorie intake will involve the purchase and handling of very large proportions of non‐nutritive material.

The use of protein‐deficient diets during the growing period, or from one day of age, offers a suitable means of delaying sexual maturity. The effects of such a treatment are apparently very similar to those of restricted feeding, but there is a lack of suitable comparisons of the alternative methods.     

Chronology of development of serum antispirochete antibody in swine experimentally exposed to swine dysentery: preliminary report.

By using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (with immunofluorescence of large spirochetes as positive), serum antispirochete antibodies were detected initially at 4 weeks after onset of diarrhea in swine exposed to infective swine dysentery inoculum. Antibodies continued to be present in serum of swine tested 5 months after onset of diarrhea.